Resolving Conflict

As the team in the scenario is experiencing process conflict, there are two options for intervention that could alleviate the conflict. Team redesign is the first option, and conflict process coaching is the second. As the team is on a very strict deadline, which is rapidly approaching, conflict process coaching would be the most practical form of intervention. The conflict between the members of the team is caused primarily due to a lack of trust. Sheila and Jeremy do not trust Judy because they believe she lied to her and Judy does not trust them to do the job because of their lack of experience in the training programs.The lack of trust combined with a deadline that none of the team members believe they can meet has created a stressful environment. Conflict process coaching, as defined by Thompson (2011), â€Å"may include trust-building exercises† (p. 193). â€Å"It’s important to establish comfortable, group-sanctioned ways to express the inevitable anger, tension , and frustration that arise in a team endeavor and to positively redirect that energy to build trust and cohesion† (Ross, 2006). Building trust to ensure the cohesiveness of the team will redirect their energy and focus to meeting the deadline.In order for this team to be successful, they have to be cohesive and efficient. In order to accomplish this the team members must work cooperatively, trust each other and understand the common goal. The team members all have their areas of expertise that can contribute to team success, but if they do not trust each other, then the conflict will preclude the team from meeting their deadline. Through conflict process coaching, the team can quickly move past their conflict and become efficient and successful. Resolving Conflict As the team in the scenario is experiencing process conflict, there are two options for intervention that could alleviate the conflict. Team redesign is the first option, and conflict process coaching is the second. As the team is on a very strict deadline, which is rapidly approaching, conflict process coaching would be the most practical form of intervention. The conflict between the members of the team is caused primarily due to a lack of trust. Sheila and Jeremy do not trust Judy because they believe she lied to her and Judy does not trust them to do the job because of their lack of experience in the training programs.The lack of trust combined with a deadline that none of the team members believe they can meet has created a stressful environment. Conflict process coaching, as defined by Thompson (2011), â€Å"may include trust-building exercises† (p. 193). â€Å"It’s important to establish comfortable, group-sanctioned ways to express the inevitable anger, tension , and frustration that arise in a team endeavor and to positively redirect that energy to build trust and cohesion† (Ross, 2006). Building trust to ensure the cohesiveness of the team will redirect their energy and focus to meeting the deadline.In order for this team to be successful, they have to be cohesive and efficient. In order to accomplish this the team members must work cooperatively, trust each other and understand the common goal. The team members all have their areas of expertise that can contribute to team success, but if they do not trust each other, then the conflict will preclude the team from meeting their deadline. Through conflict process coaching, the team can quickly move past their conflict and become efficient and successful.

Psychological Warfare in the United States Military essays

Psychological Warfare in the United States Military essays Psychological Warfare in the United States military The use of psychology in war is as old as war itself. In ancient Greece, Thermistocles sent his men ashore to carve messages urging the Ionians not to fight against the Athenians (Pease 3). Known as psychological warfare, it is the attempt by one nation to gain an advantage over another by exploiting fear, mistrust, suspicion, rumor, prejudice, and uncertainty to influence international opinion and/or the frame of mind of the opposing soldiers. Psychological warfare is designed to affect the enemys mind, influencing him to take an action, even against his conscious will, favorable to his opponent (Pease xiii). The United States government employs psychological warfare, known as Psychological Operations (PSYOP), to secure national objectives in times of conflict as well as peace. They are a vital part of the broad range of U.S. political, military, economic, and ideological activities. The ultimate objective of United States military psychological operations is to convince ene my, neutral, and friendly nations and forces to take actions favorable to the United States and its interests. This is accomplished, with varied effectiveness, through several methods and techniques, both on the strategic and tactical levels (Payne). Psychological warfare is also utilized by the United States on civilians and the general population of liberated territories. This branch of psychological operations is known as consolidation (Pease 9). Strategic, Tactical, and Consolidation Psychological Operations On the strategic level, psychological operations are utilized to accomplish long-term objectives. Employed on a global scale, strategic psychological operations are directed at a much wider audience, or a few key communicators (Hunter). Strategic operations may also be used on a somewhat smaller scale, known as the operational scale. Here, psychological operations are ...

Deterrence theory and scientific findings on the deterrence value of severe punishment

Deterrence theory and scientific findings on the deterrence value of severe punishment Deterrence theory Deterrence theory stems from behavioral psychology and concerns with the prevention or control of inappropriate actions through instillation of fear of punishments. Deterrence theory is a theory in criminology and has found persistent use in criminal justice system. The theory states that governments can significantly reduce crimes within their jurisdictions by raising the probability of arrest, probability of conviction and the severity of punishments (Mendes 60).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Deterrence theory and scientific findings on the deterrence value of severe punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Deterrence theory views punishment in two ways. In the first case, criminals receive severe public punishment with a view to deter (prevent) other persons from committing similar offences in future. In the second instance, deterrence focuses on the deviance of the individual and attempts t o correct behavior through punishment in order to discourage the individual from repetition of such behavior. Deterrence theory justifies the enforcement of punishment in lieu of the offence committed. One of the most severe punishments that authorities enforce on criminals is the capital punishment. Capital punishment achieves deterrence since the executed individual cannot commit additional crimes. However, there is no consensus on whether it achieves general deterrence. According to Amlie Mitschow (1162), there is unsettled debate on whether the penalty can dissuade others from committing similar crimes. Historical development of deterrence theory Punishment with regard to crime can be traced back to the biblical times with the slogan â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.† However, Christians later emphasized tolerance and forgiveness as opposed to punishment to the extent of turning the other cheek. Formulated by utilitarian philosophers Cesare Beccaria (1764), J eremy Bentham (1789) and Montsquieu (1748), deterrence theory both explains crime as well as means of reducing it. They argued that crimes were attacks not only on individuals but also on the society (Mendes 61). This led to the advocacy of punishment with a view to protect the society through prevention of crime. Immanuel Kant was unequivocal in condemning the crime of murder and subsequently stated that whoever commits murder must die (Amlie Mitschow 1161). Throughout history, severe punishment, more so capital punishment received approval by mainstream religions (Judaism, Islam and Christianity) under proper circumstances although Buddhists and Quakers persistently oppose the death penalty (Amlie Mitschow 1161). Plato supports the practice and argues that any individual found guilty of robbery either through fraud or violence, is incurable and should be punished by death.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguments against deterrent theory Debate has raged on with regard to the real impact of severe punishment on the general welfare of the society. There are those that endorse capital punishment while others plainly denounce the practice. Arguments surrounding capital punishment depend on the moral view of those raising the arguments (Paternoster 776). Opponents of capital punishment raise several reasons why the practice should be discontinued in human beings. Universal sanctity of human life emerges as the sole reason why capital punishment should be abolished. The notion bases on the moral principle that condemns any attempt to take the life of a person. This is central to many religious traditions, and the argument acts both as a premise and a conclusion without any further reasoning (Amlie Mitschow 1165). Fears exist due to the irreversible nature of capital punishment. This aspect renders it detrimental if applied on an innocent person. Opponents further cite faults in statistics and argue that these pauses a risk that should cause states to improve their judicial processes. Opponents of capital punishment cite numerous cases where inmates on death sentence had their sentences overturned (Amlie Mitschow 1164). The implicit argument is that these cases concern wrongful conviction of innocent individuals. There is an argument that capital punishment deprives the culprit of the opportunity to express their remorse and make a contribution to society. It is possible for people to be transformed and compensate the society. However, this argument fails in the sense that justice should not be traded for some unknown future concern from the convict (Amlie Mitschow 1164). Scientific data report on the value of severe punishment Dà ¶lling et al (204) report on a meta-study of 700 different studies conducted to test the validity of the deterrence theory. The meta-analysis covers studies conducted between 1952 and 2006. Out of all the studies, the deterrent hypothesis receives approval in 53% of the studies and a rejection in 34% of the studies. The researchers, however, find that deterrence is more evident on mild crimes and punishment and comparatively low with regard to the death penalty (Dà ¶lling et al 205). According to Mendes (61) the effects of probabilities of arrest and conviction and the severity of punishment receive different perceptions by individuals. There are ambiguous findings with regard to the effects of severe punishments in deterrence theory. Many empirical studies report that the severity of punishments does not have deterrent effects. Even in circumstances where it has an effect, it is weak relative to the effect of the certainty of punishment. Empirical research that incorporates risks suggests that criminals are more risk acceptant (Mendes 70). This leads to the conclusion that certainty of punishment has greater deterrent effects as compared to the severity of the punishmen t.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Deterrence theory and scientific findings on the deterrence value of severe punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mendes and McDonald (596) report on scientific findings conducted on 33 studies that show little evidence of the severity of punishment and deterrence. They argue that the problem is not theory but rather the doubts of analysts with regard to the most appropriate statistical model to formulate deterrence theory. Components in the deterrence theory all act in unison and criminals consider all of them jointly and not individually. Statistical models formulated and estimated with the deterrence package intact shows an effect of the severity of punishment in deterrence (Mendes McDonald 600). Statistical data aimed at comparisons between states has not yielded much success. This is because of differences in demographics within and between states. Besides, other factor s that change over the span of the study affect inter-temporal studies (Amlie Mitschow 1162). Most countries have abolished capital punishment, and even where practiced, its application is uncertain and untimely. Conclusion According to the deterrence theory, prevention of crime requires a combination of the probability of arrest, probability of conviction given arrest, and a severe punishment given conviction. It is essential to consider the three components jointly, as no single component acting alone is sufficient. Empirical findings of the effect of severity of punishment in deterrence have yielded mixed results. Analysts who have studied the deterrence components independently have majorly brought negative results. On the other side, models that combine probability of punishment with severity of such punishment yield result consistent with the expectations of deterrence theory. Therefore, it is crucial to treat all the three elements of the theory as a package as the component s fail when unbundled. Amlie, Thomas T. Mitschow, Mark C. â€Å"Arthur Andersen and the capital punishment debate.† Managerial Auditing Journal 19, 9 (2004): 1160-1172. Dà ¶lling, Dieter, et al. â€Å"Is deterrence effective? Results of a Meta-Analysis of punishment.† European Journal of Criminology Research 15 (2009): 201-224.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mendes, Silvia M. â€Å"Certainty, Severity, and Their Relative Deterrent Effects: Questioning the Implications of the Role of Risk in Criminal Deterrence Policy.† Policy Studies Journal 32, 1 (2004): 59-74. Mendes, Silvia M. McDonald, Michael D. â€Å"Putting severity of punishment back in the deterrence package.† Policy Studies Journal 29, 4 (2001): 588-610. Paternoster, Raymond. â€Å"How much do we really know about criminal deterrence?† Journal of Criminal Law Criminology100,  3(Summer 2010): 765-823.

Practicing Job Interviews for ESL

Practicing Job Interviews for ESL Teaching ESL or English for Specific Purposes classes almost always includes preparing students for job interviews. There are a number of resources on the site focusing on the type of language used during job interviews. This lesson focuses on helping students practice job interviews with each other while using prepared notes helping students recognize appropriate language to be used during the job interview. There are three essential parts to dealing with job interviews for students: Raising consciousness as to what expect in job interviewsHaving students carefully reflect on their own skills, strengths and weaknessesProviding pragmatic language skill guidance on appropriate language including tenses, vocational vocabulary, and standard application documents such as the resume and cover letters This practicing job interviews lesson plan helps with providing pragmatic language skills for the job interview through extensive note taking combined with appropriate tense and vocabulary review. Aim Improve job interviewing skills Activity Practicing job interviews Level intermediate to advanced Outline If you havent already done so, discuss the job interviewing process in detail with your students. Make sure to mention and / or help students understand that the job interviewing process in the United States (or another country) is probably very different than in their own native country. Discuss the differences in detail, suggest that students think of the process as a game in which rules must be followed to help them get over possible frustrations with the job interviewing process.Take a look at some standard job interviewing questions and replies. Here are some examples:How long have you been in current position? - Ive worked here for two years.When did you join XYZ Inc.? - I began work at XYZ Inc. in 2003.Why would you like to work at ABC Ltd.? - Id like to work at ABC Ltd. because Id like to use my experience in a customer service setting. etc.Ask students / work with students to review the various tenses used to answer these questions. Review the concepts of:Present perfect (co ntinuous) to speak about work experience up to the present moment Present simple to discuss current job responsibilitiesPast simple to discuss past responsibilitiesUse of conditional forms to imagine situations at work Introduce the concept using specific vocabulary to more specifically define responsibilities and capabilities (heres a great list of useful vocabulary for the resume and interview)Pass out the job interview worksheets (copy and paste into a document and print out for use in class).Ask students to complete both sections 1) as interviewer 2) as interviewee. Encourage students to focus specifically on tense usage and specific job vocabulary while completing this task.Circulate around the room helping students with the task, providing specific vocabulary, etc. Encourage students to write questions and responses beyond the cues provided on the worksheet.Give each student a number. Ask even number students to find an odd number student.Have even number students interview odd number students, asking them to refer to their worksheets when they get stuck.Have even number students team up with a different odd number student.Ask odd number students to interview even number students. This time, students should attempt to use their worksheets as seldom as possible. Discuss the practice sessions in detail.As a variation / extension, ask student interviewers to spend five minutes after each interview taking notes on strengths and weaknesses of the interview and share the notes withe the student interviewees. Job Interview Practice - Worksheet Use the following cues to write out full questions for a job interview. How long / work / present?How many / languages / speak?Strengths?Weaknesses?Past job?Current responsibilities?Education?Specific examples of responsibility at past job?Which position / want - like to have / new job?Future goals? Use the following cues to write out full responses for a job interview. Current job / schoolLast job / schoolLanguages / skillsHow long / work / current jobThree specific examples from past jobCurrent responsibilitiesStrengths / weaknesses (two for each)Why are you interested in this job?What are your future goals?Education

Delta Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Delta Airlines - Essay Example The company survived the tough market conditions in the aftermath of 9/11 to become the top player in the industry. Delta Airlines has benefited from implementing innovative marketing strategies. The use of marketing alliances has enabled Delta to increase its travel destination offerings by 54%. A branding strategy allows a company to charge a premium price for its services while retaining a higher proportion of its customers. Branding strategy develop over time. Delta has been in the industry over 85 years. Delta has been able to increase the value of its brand by being a good corporate citizen. The company has great environmental record. The company hired ENSR, a leading environmental service provider to implement a recycling program in order to reduce the amount of waste generated in its flights (Lohas, 2007). The grand marketing strategy Delta is utilizing is a differentiation strategy. Differentiated marketing involves operating in several market segments and designing products or special service offering for each segment (Kotler, 2003). Two factors that enabled the company to differentiate itself from its competition are product variety and the quality of its service offerings. With the help of marketing alliances and partnerships the company is able offer its customer 572 different travel destinations. The company’s ability to enter into partnership agreements with other airlines allowed the enterprise to increase its target market. The marketing alliances at Delta have increased the scope of the companies market. The company’s customer profile includes both business travelers and people who travel in leisure trips. The markets the company targets are not limited to domestic travelers. The marketing alliances Delta established helped the company increase its presence in foreign marketplaces. Delta airlines utilizes a segmentation marketing strategy. The company uses its strategic alliance as tool to penetrate different

No topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No topics - Essay Example Police crackdowns can target specific crimes, individuals, or geographic areas. They can involve an increased police presence, a commitment to more severe punishment, or other forms of legal sanctions. In Boston, Kennedy reported on how the local authorities would reach out to the gangs and communicate their intention to reduce violence by bringing every available legal tool to bear on them. This process of 'pulling levers' would dramatically increase the cost to a gang for committing acts of violence. Instead of just one member being arrested and prosecuted for a murder, the system would up the enforcement level of probation, outstanding warrants, and illegal street activities on all the gang members. Sherman reported that similar results were shown in regard to a variety of other settings and crimes. Sherman noted that increased enforcement and greater sanctions can reduce crime. However, the strategy needs to be flexible, because as the crackdown continues it may loose its effectiveness. It may be more effective to move geographical locations and targets on an ongoing basis. Reducing crime in New York City is a never-ending task, as officers put pressure on the streets and target selected criminals and criminal activities.

Analysis Of Film Sunrise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis Of Film Sunrise - Essay Example Summary and Plot analysis of Sunrise (1927)The Man leaves his wife after he hears the woman from the city whistling. His wife is left alone with memories of their once deep love relationship.The man and the woman from the city are in a love affair under the moon. The woman wants the man to sell his farm and follow her back to the society. She also suggests that the man drowns his wife. However, the man violently refuses. However, the woman convinces the man. The unsuspecting wife is taken for a boat ride where she is to be drowned. She later becomes suspicious about the trip while they are in the lake. The man is unable to drown his wife. He goes back to the shore, where the wife flees to the shore. The wife then flees and the man tries to follow her. The wife from the farm then goes to the city where she is overwhelmed with the city life and her husband is close behind her. The man then gives the woman flowers and other gifts and she is then convinced to stop crying. They reconcile and while in the city, they see a bride who gets married in a church. The man asks for forgiveness, after which they go back to the farmhouse. A twist in the plot of the film is when the woman and the man travel back to their home; a storm causes their boat to sink. The man saves the wife but he wakes up convinced that his wife has drowned. He asks the town people to help search for her body They do not succeed and when he gets back to their house, the woman of the city reappears thinking that the plan had succeeded. The man turns violent on the woman from the city. He tries to kill her before he is told that his wife survived. He is happy as he kisses her and lets the woman of the city get out of the town. Depiction of the City Woman as trangressive, problematic and having threatening presences in Sunrise (1927) F. W. Munrau’s depiction of women in the silent film, Sunrise is an approach of representing women in rural and city settings. The city woman is depicted as being pr oblematic, trangressive and even having threatening presences. The film pits the city woman against the rural woman. Victorian melodrama usually depicts the woman as either a vamp or a virgin. Munroe borrows this expression in his silent film, whereby the rural woman is represented as a ‘virgin’; the city woman is the ‘Vamp’. The city woman is problematic in the context of Sunrise (1927). Mary Livingstone plays a demanding woman. She demands that the farm man sells his farm. This is a challenge to the man who depends on the farm as his source of living. He also asks the man to kill his wife so that she can take her place. The man finds it a problem top sell his farm and go to the city. He also finds it hard to drown his wife. However, the power of the city woman is reflected in her seductive prowess. She easily convinces the man to go ahead with the plan. The city woman manages to bring problems to a small rural town. She causes problems amongst the wife an d the man. Their marriage and love was blissful and